Improving Motor Control and Neuroplasticity for Shoulder Injury Rehabilitation

February 21, 2019

Introduction

The shoulder relies predominantly on dynamic muscular control to provide stability. Following management of acute shoulder Instability, physical and psychosocial factors can influence motor control in the presence of pain and injury. Dysfunctional motor control of the shoulder muscles, poor posture, and weak core stability can compromise stability at the GHJ.

Explore sections below to learn more...

The shoulder relies predominantly on dynamic muscular control to provide stability. Following management of acute shoulder Instability, physical and psychosocial factors can influence motor control in the presence of pain and injury. Dysfunctional motor control of the shoulder muscles, poor posture, and weak core stability can compromise stability at the GHJ.

If the patient is struggling to do rehabilitation exercises, then biofeedback, F-ES (functional electrical stimulation) and NMES superimposed functional training can be used as adjunct to improve quality and intensity of the exercise through improving motor control and neuroplasticity (Jaggi and Alexander 2017) .

sEMG (Surface electromyography) to provide biofeedback can help to encourage patient to activiate or inhibit one group of muscles over another.  sEMG with repetitive practice has been shown to be effective in shoulder instability rehabilitation by activating the right muscles (Video 1)

  • Visual biofeedback to encourage participation
  • Set targeted improvement base on objective measurement
  • Report of patient progress - quantity and intensity

F-ES has been widely used to help restore more normal movement patterns by providing the feedforward sensory input, the patient can then perceive and join in with. (Video 2)  F-ES has been shown to have positive effects to help those patients with poor proprioception or more ingrained abnormal habitual patterns of movement around their shoulder.

  • Improve proprioception
  • Recruit the right muscle  
  • Learn the correct way subconsciously

F-ES has been widely used to help restore more normal movement patterns by providing the feedforward sensory input, the patient can then perceive and join in with. (Video 2)  F-ES has been shown to have positive effects to help those patients with poor proprioception or more ingrained abnormal habitual patterns of movement around their shoulder.

  • Improve proprioception
  • Recruit the right muscle  
  • Learn the correct way subconsciously

Injury provokes changes in the cortical area of the brain that outlast the injury itself.  During rehabilitation, there is an opportunity to reverse the brain changes that occur after injury.  Clinicians may apply principles from anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation (Benjaminse 2015) to the shoulder through use of external focus of attention, implicit learning.  Try to avoid internal focus on the shoulder joint itself as it may disrupt execution of automatic movement skills.

Dual-tasking has become common strategy to promote external focus on the functional task instead of internal focus on the shoulder joint itself.  Dual tasking accelerates rehabilitation outcome by combining brain training with functional task to stimulate neuroplasticity.  

Dual tasking for shoulder rehab can be enhanced by superimposing with wireless NMES to stabilize the previously injured shoulder joint.  As the brain senses that the supporting shoulder is more stable (less demand on internal focus to stabilize the shoulder), allowing more brain capacity to focus on external task (Video 4), implicating learning of automatic movement.

Video 4: Dual-tasking with external focus (Light) facilitated by Wireless NMES superimposed on supporting shoulder

Athletes needs to progress to complex, multiplane exercises and ultimately sport-specific movements (with good quality) as soon as it is appropriate.

An efficient kinetic chain generates, aggregates, and facilitates controlled mechanical energy transfer along the entire chain, contributing to enhanced performance (velocity, force).  (Video 5)

NMES superimposed exercise is clinically proven to improve automatic movement control of the knee and translate into functional movement addressing dynamic instability of the knee (Labanca L et al., 2017, 2022).  The same principle may be applied to shoulder instability rehabilitation, to promote the right automatic movement control processes, also to improve the psychological readiness and sport-specific task training.  to facilitate safe return to sport and injury prevention.

Supplementary Materials

References:

2022 Bern Consensus Statement on Shoulder injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Return to Sport for Athletes at All Participation LevelsSchwank and Blazey et al., JOSPT 52, 1, January 2022

Rehabilitation for Shoulder Instability - Current Approaches

Jaggi and Alexander, The Open Ortho J, 11, 2017

Early Superimposed NMES Training is Effective to Improve Strength and Function following ACLR with Hamstring Graft regardless of Tendon Regeneration.

Labanca L, et al., JSM Jan 2022

A Novel Rehabilitation Program Using Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Taping for Shoulder Pain in SwimmersSmith et al., Int J Sports Phys Ther 16(2) 2021

A NMES Superimposed on Movement Early after ACL Surgery

Labanca L, et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017 Oct 20

Optimization of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Paradigm: Novel Feedback Techniques to Enhance Motor Learning and Reduce injury Risk

Benjaminse et al., J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 45(3) 2015

Blogs about Shoulder Instability:

Management of Traumatic Dislocation of Shoulder - From POLICE to PEACE & LOVE

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Rehabilitation Programme for the Best Outcomes Following Anterior dislocation of the shoulder

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Product Brochures mentioned in above clinical evidence papers can be downloaded here:

Aircast Cyro/Cuff IC

Donjoy Ultrasling Pro

DJO Shoulder Post-Op Rehabilitation Concept

Chattanooga Lightforce



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The Shoulder Series 2 of 3 – Too Loose (dislocation)

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